Refrigerator History [History of Refrigerators in the World / Japan]
History of refrigerator
How was the refrigerator that was essential to our lives born? I will briefly introduce the history.
Originally it was a tool to cool using ice
In 1803, the United States of Thomas Moore to create a "tool for refrigeration using the ice" this " refrigerator was named (refrigerator)."
Later, when the electric refrigerator is generalized, the name "refrigerator" will be inherited, leading to the present.
The refrigerator manufactured and sold by Kervineta in the United States in 1918 is said to be the prototype of a widely used household refrigerator.
Birth of domestic refrigerator No. 1 in 1930
Even in Japan, a refrigerator that uses conventional ice was common.
In 1930, Shibaura Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (now Toshiba) manufactured and sold the first domestic domestic refrigerator, SS-1200.
Standard price 720 yen. At that time, it was the price at which one small house could be built, and the purchasers were very limited, such as upper class or high-end restaurants.
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From high-growth era dream products to household necessities
In the late 1950s, the spread to general homes progressed rapidly and, together with black-and-white TVs and washing machines, it was called "three kinds of jinki" and became popular.
In the 1960s, frozen foods were actively developed, and refrigerators with freezers were put on the market according to demand. In 1969, a two-door type in which a refrigerator and a freezer were separated appeared, and this type can be seen even now.
In 1973, a three-door refrigerator with a separate vegetable storage room was launched. In addition, the fourth Middle East War broke out in the same year. "Energy saving", which manufacturers recommend energy saving due to the oil crisis, is also attracting attention from around this time.
In 1975, the penetration rate of refrigerators became almost 100%, and one era has reached the age of one.
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1. History of refrigeration
In the beginning
We routinely receive the benefits of "cooling" and
"freezing". For example, air conditioners for cool and
comfortable summer use, ice cream from the refrigerator for snacks, plus frozen
food for lunch side dishes. All of these became familiar as refrigerators
were generally used. So what did you do before the refrigerator was
made?
Let's understand the history of cooling and freezing here.
Utilization of natural ice in ancient times
The history of refrigeration in the countries of the world including Japan begins with the use of natural ice and snow. If I wanted to warm in the cold season, I could warm up with fire, but getting cool in the hot season was very difficult. Therefore, the ancient people treated snow and ice carefully as a gift from the sky, and used it in a useful way. The oldest literature on the use of natural ice in Japan is considered the Nihon Shoki. When people in the palace hunted in Yamatoku (now Nara Prefecture) in Ninde 62 (about AD 300), I found that there were caves that I was interested in at the foot of the mountain. When I asked the strong man in the area, I found it to be an ice chamber (hymro) that stores ice collected in winter. It is recorded that the ice was brought back and presented to Emperor Nitoku.
Since that time, the place has been storing ice in the ice chamber every year around December and has been used for the court from April to September. Furthermore, June 1 was designated as a day of ice dedication, and I called a Bungu 100 official in charge of the ice. This is considered to be the beginning of the “Guiseki no Uta”. Even today, for people related to the ice making business, June 1 is a special anniversary, and events are held all over Japan.
Natural ice in the early Meiji period
After that, although there was a record that Kaga-an was iced to the Shogunate in the Edo period, the use of ice was only about to be carried out. After that, natural ice became common around 1870 after the Meiji Restoration.
Nakagawa Kachibei, who lives in Yokohama, operates a beef merchant for foreigners in the settlement and has also been visiting foreign diplomatic offices in Tokyo. When transportation was inconvenient, it was not easy to transport meat from Yokohama to Tokyo, and sometimes it even damaged the meat. The idea of using natural ice to solve this is said to be the beginning of the natural ice business.
Nakagawa made an ice storage in Motomachi, Yokohama in 1864, and
searched for good quality ice from Kanto area to Tohoku area, and after 18
years, it was finally able to demand a large amount of good quality ice from
Hakodate Goryokaku. The ice produced in the cold land is very hard ice
quality, and later it will be a major force as Hakodate ice.
Stimulated by the success of Hakodate ice, ice harvesters will increase in the
Kanto area and Kansai area, and we will enter the heyday of natural
ice. It was mainly used for such purpose of carrying while keeping
freshness of meat and fish. The third method of storing food by methods
other than dried fish (dried) and salted (salted) was storage with natural ice.
From natural ice to the age of refrigerator
Around 1873, when the natural ice business began in Japan, Professor Linde of the Munich Technical School in Germany, along with a beer brewer, promoted the development of freezers and commercialized them. At that time, European beer at the time had high fermentation temperature, that is, top-fermented beer that could be brewed without freezing technology was mainstream. However, the lager-type beer with a refreshing drink, which has a low fermentation temperature called bottom fermentation. There was a need to manufacture this throughout the year, but at that time it was only possible to brew in cold weather. It was a refrigerator that was born to solve it.
It was difficult to say that the “vapor compression type refrigeration cycle” type refrigerator that has been most commonly used for home air conditioners, refrigerators, and food factory refrigerators has been developed. Linde's development is an "ammonia-type refrigerator" that uses ammonia as the "refrigerant", and the basic principle is still used today.
If the comfortable life of the modern society is based on the original, "I want to drink a good beer!" It was an innovation that was born from such needs.
Let's explore the mechanism of cooling and freezing and the mechanism of the refrigerator.